Disorders - Depressive Disorders
Smith, J. A., Greer, T., Sheets, T., Watson, S.
Yoga is increasing in popularity, with an estimated 15 million practitioners in the United States, yet there is a dearth of empirical data addressing the holistic benefits of yoga. To compare the physical and mental benefits of an exercise-based yoga practice to that of a more comprehensive yoga practice (one with an ethical/spiritual component). Students with mild to moderate depression, anxiety, or stress and who agreed to participate were assigned to one of three groups: integrated yoga, yoga as exercise, control. A total of 81 undergraduate students 18 years and older at a university in the southeastern United States participated in the study. Depression, anxiety, stress, hope, and salivary cortisol. Over time, participants in both the integrated and exercise yoga groups experienced decreased depression and stress, an increased sense of hopefulness, and increased flexibility compared to the control group. However, only the integrated yoga group experienced decreased anxiety-related symptoms and decreased salivary cortisol from the beginning to the end of the study. Yoga, practiced in a more integrated form, ie, with an ethical and spiritual component, may provide additional benefits over yoga practiced as an exercise regimen.
Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine, 17(3) : 22-29
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
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Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong)
, Physical activity, exercise
Rivet-Duval, E., Heriot, S., Hunt, C.
Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of a universal prevention program for adolescent depresssion implemented by school teachers in Mauritius. Method: 160 adolescents were randomly assigned to the prevention program or wait-list. Results: Decreased depressive symptoms for the intervention condition were found post-intervention, but not at follow-up. Significant changes in self-esteem and coping skills were seen both post-intervention and at the follow-up. Conclusions: The results, drawing from a culturally diverse population, suggest that universal programs such as RAP-A may be better seen as promoting positive mental health, rather than having direct prevention or intervention effects on clinical problems. (copyright) 2010 The Authors. Child and Adolescent Mental Health (copyright) 2010 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 16(2) : 86-91
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Other Psychological Interventions
Sasaki-Otomaru, A., Sakuma, Y., Mochizuki, Y., Ishida, S., Kanoya, Y., Sato, C.
Introduction: The effect of regular gum chewing on psychological status is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gum chewing for fourteen days on psychological status and physical and mental fatigue in healthy young adults. Methods: We assigned 50 volunteers randomly to an intervention group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 24). Participants in the intervention group were requested to chew the gum twice per a day for fourteen days. The volunteers were required to complete a questionnaire related to lifestyle for baseline assessment. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Profile of Mood State (POMS), the World Health Organization Quality of Life 26, and assessment of physical and mental fatigue by visual analog scale were used at baseline, 2 weeks (after intervention), and 4 weeks (follow-up). Results: At 2 weeks, the score of state anxiety was significantly lower in the intervention group than the control group. The intervention participants' scores of depression-dejection, fatigue and confusion in POMS were better than the control group scores. Mental fatigue were also relieved after the intervention. At 4 weeks, there were no significant differences between both groups. Conclusion: Fourteen days' gum chewing may improve the levels of anxiety, mood and fatigue. (copyright) Sasaki-Otomaru et al.
Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 7 : 133-139
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Other complementary & alternative interventions
Schaller, G., Lenz, B., Friedrich, K., Dygon, D., Richter-Schmidinger, T., Jacobi, A., Mueller, S. E., Maihofner, C., Sperling, W., Kornhuber, J.
The influence of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on mood in healthy people is uncertain, as former studies show divergent results. Previous studies in healthy volunteers focused exclusively on the immediate effect of a single session of rTMS. In contrast the aim of this randomised sham-controlled study was to analyse the influence on mood of a series of 9 High Frequency (HF) rTMS stimulations of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).44 young healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive 9 sessions of active HF-rTMS (n = 22) or sham rTMS (n = 22) over the left DLPFC. Each session in the active group consisted of 15 trains of 25 Hz starting with 100% of motor threshold. Sham stimulation was performed following the same protocol, but using a sham coil. The variables of interest were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and six Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) which quantified " mood" , " enjoyment" and " energy" We found a significant reduction of the BDI sum score in the active group (GLM, p < 0.001) whereas no significant changes of the BDI sum score were caused by sham stimulation (GLM, p = 0.109). The BDI single item analyses revealed within and between group differences supporting the modifying effect of rTMS on BDI. According to the employed VAS we did not find significant differences caused by active or sham stimulation in five of six VAS. In the VAS labelled lively/gloomy the active group was found to be more " gloomy" (p = 0.0111) immediately after stimulation. Our data show that a 9-day long series of HF-rTMS of the left DLPFC improves mood, analysed by BDI in healthy young men, whereas no significant long-term changes were found in VAS. (copyright) 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(9) : 1178-1183
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Sakolsky, Dara J., Perel, James M., Emslie, Graham J., Clarke, Gregory N., Wagner, Karen Dineen, Vitiello, Benedetto, Keller, Martin B., et-al
This paper examines the relationship between plasma concentration of antidepressant and both clinical response and adverse effects in treatment-resistant depressed adolescents. Adolescents (n = 334) with major depression who had not responded to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) were randomized to 1 of 4 treatments: switch to another SSRI (fluoxetine, citalopram, or paroxetine), switch to venlafaxine, switch to SSRI plus cognitive behavior therapy, or switch to venlafaxine plus cognitive behavior therapy. Adolescents who did not improve by 6 weeks had their dose increased. Plasma concentrations of medication and metabolites were measured at 6 weeks in 244 participants and at 12 weeks in 204 participants. Adolescents treated with citalopram whose plasma concentration was equal to or greater than the geometric mean (GM) showed a higher response rate compared to those with less than the GM, with parallel but nonsignificant findings for fluoxetine. A dose increase of citalopram or fluoxetine at week 6 was most likely to result in response when it led to a change in concentration from less than the GM at 6 weeks to the GM or greater at week 12. Plasma levels of paroxetine, venlafaxine, or O-desmethylvenlafaxine were not related to clinical response. Exposure was associated with more cardiovascular and dermatologic side effects in those receiving venlafaxine. Antidepressant concentration may be useful in optimizing treatment for depressed adolescents receiving fluoxetine or citalopram.
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(1) : 92-97
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Treatment resistant/treatment refractory
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Antidepressants (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Roshan, V. D., Pourasghar, M., Mohammadian, Z.
Objective: Many studies evaluated the efficacy of exercise on some depression indices, but the effect of physical exercise in exhilarating milieu on urine 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) sulfate-the main metabolite of norepinephrine is not clear. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of a six-week intermittent walking in the water on 24-hour urine MHPG sulfate in depressed female teenagers. Methods: Twenty-four high school female students with depression were divided randomly into case and control group. Pool walking exercise program was implemented 3 sessions weekly for 6 weeks and with a rate of 60-70% of the maximum heart rate. The control group didn't enter any exercise protocol and did not receive any other anti-depressant therapy. HPLC-fluorometric detection assay was used to measure 24-hour urine MHPG sulfate values. The data was analyzed with t-test and Pierson's correlation tests. Results: Twenty hour urine MHPG sulfate increased from 1.93 ((plus or minus)0.59) to 4.66 ((plus or minus)0.85) micromole in case group (P (less-than or equal to) 0.001), and in control group from 1.67 ((plus or minus)0.58) to 1.80 ((plus or minus)0.58) micromole. Increase of 24-hour urine MHPG sulfate and increasing of maximum oxygen consumption showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.65), and a significant negative correlation (r = 0.65) was observed between urine MHPG sulfate and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D) score. Conclusion: Aerobics training in exhilarating environments shows desirable influence over reduction of depression. This reduction of depression is correlated with MHPG sulfate elevation.
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 5(2) : 26-31
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Physical activity, exercise
Vitiello, Benedetto, Emslie, Graham, Clarke, Gregory, Wagner, Karen Dineen, Asarnow, Joan R., Keller, Martin B., Birmaher, Boris, et-al
Background: Method: Results: Conclusions: Trial Registration: We examined the long-term outcome of participants in the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study, a randomized trial of 334 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with DSM-IV-defined major depressive disorder initially resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment who were subsequently treated for 12 weeks with another SSRI, venlafaxine, another SSRI + cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), or venlafaxine + CBT. Responders then continued with the same treatment through week 24, while nonresponders were given open treatment.For the current study, patients were reassessed 48 (n = 116) and 72 (n = 130) weeks from intake. Data were gathered from February 2001 to February 2007. Standardized diagnostic interviews and measures of depression, suicidal ideation, related psychopathology, and level of functioning were periodically administered. Remission was defined as ≥ 3 weeks with ≤ 1 clinically significant symptom and no associated functional impairment (score of 1 on the adolescent version of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation [A-LIFE]), and relapse, as ≥ 2 weeks with probable or definite depressive disorder (score of 3 or 4 on the A-LIFE). Mixed-effects regression models were applied to estimate remission, relapse, and functional recovery.By 72 weeks, an estimated 61.1% of the randomized youths had reached remission. Randomly assigned treatment (first 12 weeks) did not influence remission rate or time to remission, but the group assigned to SSRIs had a more rapid decline in self-reported depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation than those assigned to venlafaxine (P < .03). Participants with more severe depression, greater dysfunction, and alcohol or drug use at baseline were less likely to remit. The depressive symptom trajectory of the remitters diverged from that of nonremitters by the first 6 weeks of treatment (P < .001). Of the 130 participants in remission at week 24, 25.4% relapsed in the subsequent year.While most adolescents achieved remission, more than one-third did not, and one-fourth of remitted patients experienced a relapse. More effective interventions are needed for patients who do not show robust improvement early in treatment.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00018902.
© Copyright 2011 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(3) : 388-396
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Treatment resistant/treatment refractory
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Wipfli, B., Landers, D., Nagoshi, C., Ringenbach, S.
Research has revealed that exercise is effective for reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. The mechanisms by which these reductions occur, however, have not been widely studied. To examine several potential theories, a prospective, randomized, 7-week exercise intervention was conducted. Untrained participants were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise group or to a stretching-control group. Participants completed several questionnaires to assess psychological variables, including measures of depression and anxiety, and blood was drawn at pre- and post-test to measure serum serotonin levels. A mixed-design ANOVA revealed that the exercise group had lower levels of depression than the stretching-control group after the intervention. The exercise group also showed a larger percentage decrease in serotonin than the stretching-control group. This reduction in blood serotonin after exercise is similar to the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Additionally, percent change in serotonin was found to partially mediate the relationship between exercise and depression.
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(3) : 474-481
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Physical activity, exercise
Warnecke, E., Quinn, S., Ogden, K., Towle, N., Nelson, M. R.
This study aimed to determine whether the practice of mindfulness reduces the level of stress experienced by senior medical students. We carried out a multicentre, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial with intention-to-treat analysis in three clinical schools attached to the University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania. Participants included 66 medical students in their final 2 years of study in 2009. Participants were block-randomised to either an intervention or a usual care control group. The intervention used an audio CD of guided mindfulness practice designed and produced for this trial. Participants were advised to use the intervention daily over the 8 weeks of the trial. All participants completed two self-report questionnaires, at baseline and at 8 weeks, respectively. The intervention group also completed a questionnaire at 16 weeks to provide follow-up data. The primary outcome measure was the difference over time in scores on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The secondary outcome measure referred to differences over time in scores on the subscales of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Mean baseline scores on the PSS and the stress component of the DASS were 15.7 (maximal score of 40) and 13.2 (maximal score of 42), respectively, both of which exceed scores in age-matched normative control data. Using multivariable analysis, participants in the intervention group demonstrated significant reductions in scores on the PSS (-3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 6.20 to -0.68; p<0.05) and the anxiety component of the DASS (-2.82, 95% CI -4.99 to -0.64; p <0.05). A borderline significant effect was demonstrated on the stress component of the DASS (-3.69, 95% CI -7.38 to 0.01; p = 0.05). Follow-up at 8 weeks post-trial revealed that the effect was maintained. Mindfulness practice reduced stress and anxiety in senior medical students. Stress is prevalent in medical students and can have adverse effects on both student health and patients. A simple, self-administered, evidence-based intervention now exists to manage stress in this at-risk population and should be widely utilised. (copyright) Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011.
Medical Education, 45(4) : 381-388
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Mindfulness based therapy
VanVoorhees, B. W., Mahoney, N., Mazo, R., Barrera, A. Z., Siemer, C. P., Gladstone, T. R. G., Munoz, R. F.
Technology-based approaches for the prevention of depression offer considerable benefits including easy access, patient autonomy, and "nonconsumable" services that are autonomous from traditional (face-to-face) interventions. The authors have previously worked to develop Internet interventions based on the frameworks for conventional, face-to-face effective community-based interventions, and propose to integrate these models into a "behavioral vaccine model" aptly applicable to technology-based delivery. This article reviews the literature on Internet-based depression prevention programs using this behavioral vaccine development model, reviewing literature relevant to each component of the model in turn. (copyright) 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(1) : 167-183
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Thompson, T., Steffert, T., Steed, A., Gruzelier, J.
Case studies suggest hypnosis with a virtual reality (VR) component may be an effective intervention; although few follow-up randomized, controlled trials have been performed comparing such interventions with standard hypnotic treatments. Thirty-five healthy participants were randomized to self-hypnosis with VR imagery, standard self-hypnosis, or relaxation interventions. Changes in sleep, cortisol levels, and mood were examined. Self-hypnosis involved 10- to 20-min. sessions visualizing a healthy immune scenario. Trait absorption was also recorded as a possible moderator. Moderated regression indicated that both hypnosis interventions produced significantly lower tiredness ratings than relaxation when trait absorption was high. When trait absorption was low, VR resulted in significantly higher engagement ratings, although this did not translate to demonstrable improvement in outcome. Results suggest that VR imagery may increase engagement relative to traditional methods, but further investigation into its potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy is required. Copyright (copyright) International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis.
International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 59(1) : 122-142
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions (any)
, Other Psychological Interventions, Relaxation
, Other complementary & alternative interventions
, Technology, comparing delivery mode (e.g. online vs. face-to-face)
Stein, L. A. R., Clair, M., Lebeau, R., Colby, S. M., Barnett, N. P., Golembeske, C., Monti, P. M.
Background: The impact of depressed mood on Motivational Interviewing (MI) to reduce risky behaviors and consequences in incarcerated adolescents was examined in this brief report. Methods: Adolescents (N= 189) were randomly assigned to receive MI or Relaxation Training (RT). Results: At 3-month follow-up assessment, MI significantly reduced risks associated with marijuana use, with a trend towards reducing risks associated with alcohol use. There was also a trend for depressive symptoms to be associated with reduced risks after release. Interaction effects were non-significant, indicating no moderating effects for depressed mood on treatment outcome. Conclusions: MI may be a useful treatment for incarcerated adolescents in order to reduce risks and consequences associated with substance use after release. (copyright) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 118(2-3) : 475-478
- Year: 2011
- Problem: Depressive Disorders, Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
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Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Psychological Interventions (any)
, Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Relaxation