Disorders - Depressive Disorders
Walsh, S. M.
In this study, the effectiveness of an art future-image intervention (AFI) designed to increase self-esteem, improve future time perspective, and decrease depression in hospitalized suicidal adolescents was tested. A pretest-posttest time series design was used with two groups, an experimental group and an attention placebo group. The experimental group, although hospitalized for a shorter length of time (p = .08), showed greater positive changes than the placebo group. Both groups improved on all measures during and after hospitalization. Experimental participant enthusiasm, shorter hospitalization, and positive comments at follow-up warrant continued testing and refinement of the AFI.
Applied Nursing Research, 6(3) : 111-8
- Year: 1993
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
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Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Creative expression: music, dance, drama, art
Clarke, G., Hops, H., Lewinsohn, P. M., Andrews, J., Seeley, J. R., Williams, J.
This paper attempts to identify variables which distinguish depressed adolescents who were recovered versus not recovered at post treatment in a controlled outcome study. Fifty-nine adolescents meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for major and/or intermittent depression were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) a cognitive-behavioral, psycho-educational treatment group for adolescents (n = 21); (b) an identical protocol for adolescents, but with their parents enrolled in a separate parent group (n = 19); and (c) a waitlist control condition (n = 19). Thirty-seven of the 40 actively treated subjects were retained for prediction analyses examining treatment recovery via two assessment methods: (a) a discriminant function analysis predicting membership in KSADS/RDC diagnosis-based Recovered (n = 16) and Not Recovered (n = 21) groups; and (b) a hierarchical block regression analysis predicting residual pre-to-post change on the Beck Depression Inventory. Because of the small sample, potential predictor variables were limited to those which demonstrated significant univariate correlations with the respective outcome variables. Recovery in the discriminant function analysis was associated with lower intake levels on the BDI, lower intake state anxiety, higher enjoyment and frequency of pleasant activities, and more rational thoughts on the Subjective Probability Questionnaire. The overall canonical correlation was .6277. In the hierarchical block regression analysis predicting residual BDI scores, better outcome was associated with a greater number of past psychiatric diagnoses, parent involvement in treatment, and younger age at onset of first depressive episode. The overall regression solution yielded a multiple R = .842. The discussion focuses on the continuity between the current findings and results obtained from similar studies conducted with depressed adults, as well as the degree to which the observed results are consistent with the 'capitalization' model of depression therapy outcome.
Behavior Therapy., 23(3) : 341-354
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
, Psychoeducation
Hains, A.
This study examined the effectiveness of two cognitive-behavioral interventions to help adolescent boys cope with stress and other forms of negative emotional arousal. One group of youths, those receiving cognitive restructuring, learned how to identify and monitor stress-promoting cognitions, restructure these cognitions into more adaptive thoughts, and practice and apply these acquired skills. The youths who received training were compared with a waiting list control group on measures of anxiety, anger, self-esteem, depression, and reports of anxious self-statements. Adolescents who make cognitive and behavioral coping attempts to reduce sources of stress and negative emotional arousal seem capable of decreasing the negative impact of a variety of stressful events. The published accounts of interventions for adolescents tend to focus on specific stress-related issues such as anger-control skills, phobias, and medical procedures. Other stressors, however, continue on a more persistent, daily basis. Adolescents require coping and adaptation skills to deal with academic pressure, higher education goals, dating anxieties, peer pressure, and parent-youth conflicts.
Journal of Counseling & Development, 70(5) : 600-605
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Geller, Barbara, Cooper, Thomas B., Graham, Donna L., Fetner, Harriet H., et-al.,
Performed a study of nortriptyline in 50 prepubertal 6- to 12-yr-olds with chronic major depressive disorder. The protocol included a 2-wk placebo wash-out phase and an 8-wk double-blind, placebo-controlled phase with weekly plasma level monitoring. Active Ss had their plasma level pharmacokinetically placed at 8020 ng/ml by using previously developed tables to determine the starting dose from a plasma level 24 hrs after a single dose administered at baseline. The mean plasma level was 89.9 ng/ml. None of the Ss had ever received tricyclic antidepressants before this study. There was a poor rate of response in both treatment groups (30.8% active, 16.7% placebo). Active Ss did not evidence the anticholinergic side effects reported in adult samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1) : 34-44
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Tricyclic antidepressants
Fine, S., Forth, A., Gilbert, M., Haley, G.
Two forms of short-term group therapy for depressed adolescents are compared. Adolescents were assigned to either a social skills training or therapeutic support group. Treatment outcome was based on self-report and semistructured clinical interviews for depression, measures of self-concept, and cognitive distortions. After treatment, adolescents in the therapeutic support groups showed significantly greater reductions in clinical depression and significant increases in self-concept compared with those in the social skills training group. These group differences were no longer evident at 9-month follow-up, as adolescents in the therapeutic support groups maintained their improvement, and adolescents in the social skills training groups caught up.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(1) : 79-85
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions
Boulos, C., Kutcher, S., Marton, P., Simeon, J., Ferguson, B., Roberts, N.
Thirty adolescents (ages 15-20) who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose (200 mg daily) study of desipramine (DMI). Thirty-three percent of the placebo group and 50 percent of the DMI group improved (greater than or equal to 50% change on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). Subjective reports of adverse effects did not significantly differentiate the two groups. Major adverse effects, necessitating study discontinuation, occurred solely in the DMI group.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 27(1) : 59-65
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Tricyclic antidepressants
Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Graham, D. L., Marsteller, F. A., Bryant, D. M.
We performed a random assignment, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline (NT) in postpubertal 12- to 17-year-olds with Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and DSM-III major depressive disorder. The protocol included a 2-week placebo washout phase and an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled phase with weekly plasma level monitoring. Active subjects had their plasma level placed at 80 +/- 20 ng/ml by using previously developed tables to determine the starting dose from a plasma level drawn 24 hours after a single dose administered at baseline. The study population was severely depressed and had a chronic, unremitting course prior to study; a high percentage of family histories with affective disorder, alcoholism, and suicidality; and a high rate of comorbidity. Of the 52 subjects enrolled, there were 17 placebo washout responders, 4 dropouts, and 31 completers (12 active and 19 placebo). Only one active subject responded; therefore, the study was terminated early. The mean NT plasma level was 91.1 (18.3 SD) ng/ml. The two treatment groups had similar postprotocol severity ratings. Subjects on active drug did not evidence the anticholinergic side effects reported in adult samples. The negative outcome in this study is similar to the findings in our previously reported NT study in prepubertal 6- to 12-year-olds.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26(1) : 85-90
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Tricyclic antidepressants
Hains, A., Szyjakowski, M.
We examined the effectiveness of a cognitive intervention to help adolescents cope with stress and other forms of negative emotional arousal. Through this intervention procedure, youths learned how to identify and monitor stress-promoting cognitions, restructure these cognitions into more adaptive thoughts, use self-instructions to control stress-engendering self-statements, and practice and apply these acquired skills. The youths who received training were compared to a waiting list control group on measures of anxiety, anger, self-esteem, depression, and self-reports of cognitions in hypothetical stress situations. The training group showed significant reductions in levels of anxiety and anger, improvement in self-esteem, and an increase in the number of reported positive cognitions in response to a hypothetical situation. These treatment gains were maintained at a 10-week follow-up. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(1) : 79-84
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Hughes, C., Preskorn, S. H., Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Hassanein, R., Tucker, S.
Children with pure depression or depression plus an anxiety-related disorder (n = 14) had a higher drug response rate (57%) and a lower placebo response rate (20%) when compared to children with depression plus a concomitant conduct or oppositional disorder (n = 17) (33% drug response rate and 67% placebo response rate). These findings could explain why studies of prepubertal-onset depression found no differences between drug and placebo treatment assuming that a large percentage of the studies' subjects had concomitant conduct or oppositional disorders. The children with pure depression or depression plus an anxiety-related disorder had different symptom clusters from those with depression plus a concomitant conduct or oppositional disorder. The former had more severe CDRS ratings on sleep, appetite disturbance, depressed feelings, and psychomotor retardation. In contrast, those with a concomitant conduct or oppositional disorder had shorter attention spans and were more likely to disturb other children (based on Conners scale scores).
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26(2) : 235-238
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Tricyclic antidepressants
Liddle, Barbara, Spence, Susan H.
Examined the effectiveness of an 8-wk treatment package designed to tackle the major correlates of child depression, namely social skills deficit. 31 children (aged 7-12 yrs) were selected on the basis of depressive symptomatology over 2 wks, as assessed by self-report questionnaires (e.g., Children's Depression Inventory) and a diagnostic interview. Ss were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: social competence training, attention placebo control, and no treatment control. Results indicate a decline in depression scores during the treatment period for Ss in all conditions, and this continued during the 2-mo follow-up period to within the normal range. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18(2) : 85-102
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training
Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Hops, H., Andrews, J.
The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of two versions of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for depressed adolescents. Fifty-nine high school students, aged 14-18, meeting DSM-III and RDC criteria for a diagnosis of depression were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Adolescent-and-Parent, Adolescent-Only, and Wait-List. The treatments were: a) an adaptation of the Coping with Depression Course (CWD), a cognitive-behavioral group intervention teaching skills for increasing pleasant activities, relaxation, controlling depressive thoughts, improving social interaction, and communication, negotiation and conflict resolution skills; and b) an intervention for the parents. The results showed that, compared to the wait-list subjects, treated subjects improved significantly on the depression measures. These gains were maintained at two years posttreatment. There was a strong trend for the results to favor the Adolescent-and-Parent condition over the Adolescent-Only condition, but only one of numerous comparisons attained statistical significance.
Behavior Therapy., 21(385-401) :
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Simeon, J. G., Dinicola, V. F., Ferguson, H. B., Copping, W.
Forty patients aged 13 to 18 years participated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study of fluoxetine. Fifteen subjects in each group completed the eight week study. Approximately two-thirds of the patients showed marked or moderate clinical global improvement with both fluoxetine and placebo. Fluoxetine was superior to placebo on all clinical measures except for sleep disorder, but the differences were not statistically significant. Thirty-two of the patients and their parents were interviewed after a mean follow-up interval of 24 months (range: 8-46 months). Mean age at follow-up was 18 years (range: 15-22 years). Both groups had shown further improvement at follow-up but there were no significant group differences. Independent of the study, 19 patients (59%) had received intervening treatment following study termination and nine patients (28%) were still in treatment. Adolescent depression appears to respond to treatment but both mood disturbance and psychosocial adaptation problems persist, requiring active follow-through.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 14(5) : 791-5
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)