Disorders - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Trickey, D., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Boyle, A., Watson, P., Goodyer, I., Dalgleish, T.
Background: Few efficacious early treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents exist. Previous trials have intervened within the first month post-trauma and focused on secondary prevention of later post-traumatic stress; however, considerable natural recovery may still occur up to 6-months post-trauma. No trials have addressed the early treatment of established PTSD (i.e. 2- to 6-months post-trauma). Methods: Twenty-nine youth (8-17 years) with PTSD (according to age-appropriate DSM-IV or ICD-10 diagnostic criteria) after a single-event trauma in the previous 2-6 months were randomly allocated to Cognitive Therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD; n = 14) or waiting list (WL; n = 15) for 10 weeks. Results: Significantly more participants were free of PTSD after CT-PTSD (71%) than WL (27%) at posttreatment (intent-to-treat, 95% CI for difference .04-.71). CT-PTSD yielded greater improvement on child-report questionnaire measures of PTSD, depression and anxiety; clinician-rated functioning; and parent-reported outcomes. Recovery after CT-PTSD was maintained at 6- and 12-month posttreatment. Beneficial effects of CT-PTSD were mediated through changes in appraisals and safety-seeking behaviours, as predicted by cognitive models of PTSD. CT-PTSD was considered acceptable on the basis of low dropout and high treatment credibility and therapist alliance ratings. Conclusions: This trial provides preliminary support for the efficacy and acceptability of CT-PTSD as an early treatment for PTSD in youth. Moreover, the trial did not support the extension of 'watchful waiting' into the 2- to 6-month post-trauma window, as significant improvements in the WL arm (particularly in terms of functioning and depression) were not observed. Replication in larger samples is needed, but attention to recruitment issues will be required. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(5) : 623-633
- Year: 2017
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Meyer-DeMott, M. A., Jakobsen, M., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Heir, T.
This is the first controlled study of an expressive arts group intervention with unaccompanied minor asylum seeking children. The aim of the study was to examine whether such an intervention may alleviate symptoms of trauma and enhance life satisfaction and hope. One hundred forty five unaccompanied minor refugee boys with their stated age between 15 and 18 were allocated into a 10 session 5 weeks manualized expressive arts intervention (EXIT) or a life as usual (LAU) control group. The participants were assessed at onset and 4 times over a period of 25 months with a battery of instruments measuring post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), general psychological distress (HSCL-25A), current life satisfaction (CLS) and expected life satisfaction (ELS). The instruments were presented in the participants' native languages, using touch-screen laptops and the computer program Multilingual Computer Assisted Interview (MultiCASI). There were significant time by group interactions in favor of the EXIT group for PTSS and CLS. At the end of the follow up the EXIT group had higher life satisfaction and hope for the future than the LAU group. A manualized EXIT group intervention can have a beneficial effect on helping minor refugee boys to cope with symptoms of trauma, strengthen their life satisfaction and develop hope for the future. Our findings support previous studies showing that the arts may help people in reconstructing meaning and connection with others by focusing on resources and creativity. Copyright © 2017 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(6) : 510-518
- Year: 2017
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Creative expression: music, dance, drama, art
Shangani, S., Operario, D., Genberg, B., Kirwa, K., Midoun, M., Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., Galarraga, O., Braitstein, P.
Background Orphaned and vulnerable adolescents (OVA) in sub-Saharan Africa are at greater risk for adverse psychological outcomes compared with their non-OVA counterparts. Social interventions that provide cash transfers (CTs) have been shown to improve health outcomes among young people, but little is known about their impact on the psychological wellbeing of OVA. Objective Among OVA in western Kenya, we assessed the association between living in a household that received monthly unconditional government CTs and psychological wellbeing. Methods We examined the likelihood of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and positive future outlook among 655 OVA aged between 10 and 18 years who lived in 300 randomly selected households in western Kenya that either received or did not receive unconditional monthly CTs. Results The mean age was 14.0 (SD 2.4) years and 329 (50.2%) of the participants were female while 190 (29.0%) were double orphans whose biological parents were both deceased. After adjusting for socio-demographic, caregiver, and household characteristics and accounting for potential effects of participant clustering by sub-location of residence, OVA living in CT households were more likely to have a positive future outlook (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08, 1.99), less likely to be anxious (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.42, 0.78), and less likely to have symptoms of post-traumatic stress (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.29, 0.89). We did not find statistically significant differences in odds of depression by CT group. Conclusion OVA in CT households reported better psychological wellbeing compared to those in households not receiving CTs. CT interventions may be effective for improving psychological wellbeing among vulnerable adolescents in socioeconomically deprived households. Copyright © 2017 Shangani et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
PLoS ONE, 12(5) : e0178076
- Year: 2017
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Other service delivery and improvement interventions
Wald, I., Bitton, S., Levi, O., Zusmanovich, S., Fruchter, E., Ginat, K., Charney, D. S., Pine, D. l S., Bar-Haim, Y.
Combat deployment enhances risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms. We assessed whether attention bias modification training (ABMT), delivered immediately prior to combat, attenuates the association between combat exposure and stress-related symptoms. 99 male soldiers preparing for combat were randomized to receive either an ABMT condition designed to enhance vigilance toward threat or an attention control training (ACT) designed to balance attention deployment between neutral and threat words. Frequency of combat events, and symptoms of PTSD and depression were measured prior to deployment and at a two-month follow-up. Regression analysis revealed that combat exposure uniquely accounted for 4.6% of the variance in stress-related symptoms change from baseline to follow-up and that the interaction between ABMT and combat exposure accounted for additional 5.4% of the variance. Follow-up analyses demonstrate that ABMT moderated the association between combat exposure and symptoms. ABMT appear to have potential as a preventative intervention to reduce risk for stress-related symptoms associated with combat exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Biological Psychology, 122 : 93-97
- Year: 2017
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Attention/cognitive bias modification
Rossouw, J., Yadin, E., Alexander, D., Mbanga, I., Jacobs, T., Seedat, S.
Background: There is a dearth of empirical evidence on the effectiveness of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in developing country settings. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate that Prolonged Exposure Treatment for Adolescents (PE-A) and supportive counselling (SC) are implementable by nurses in a South African context. A secondary aim was to perform a preliminary analysis of the effectiveness of registered nurses delivering either PE-A or SC treatment to adolescents with PTSD. It is hypothesised that PE-A will be superior to SC in terms of improvements in PTSD symptoms and depression. Method: A pilot, single-blind, randomised clinical trial of 11 adolescents with PTSD. Nurses previously naive to Prolonged Exposure (PE) Treatment and SC provided these treatments at the adolescents' high schools. Data collection lasted from March 2013 to October 2014. Participants received twelve 60-90-min sessions of PE (n = 6) or SC (n = 5). All outcomes were assessed before treatment, at mid-treatment, immediately after treatment completion and at 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome, PTSD symptom severity, was assessed with the Child PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview (CPSS-I) (range, 0-51; higher scores indicate greater severity). The secondary outcome, depression severity, was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (range, 0-41; higher scores indicate greater severity). Results: Data were analysed as intention to treat. During treatment, participants in both the PE-A and SC treatment arms experienced significant improvement on the CPSS-I as well as on the BDI. There was a significant difference between the PE-A and SC groups in maintaining PTSD and depression at the 12-month post-treatment assessment, with the participants in the PE-A group maintaining their gains both on PTSD and depression measures. Conclusion: The treatment was adequately implemented by the nurses and well-tolerated by the participants. Preliminary results suggest that the delivery of either intervention led to a significant improvement in PTSD and depression symptoms immediately post treatment. The important difference was that improvement gains in PTSD and depression in the PE-A group were maintained at 12-month follow-up. The results of this pilot and feasibility study are discussed. Trial registration: Pan African Clinical Trials Registry: PACTR201511001345372, registered on 11 November 2015. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s).
Trials, 17 (1) (no pagination)(548) :
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
, Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Exposure therapy, Exposure and response prevention, Supportive therapy
Shein-Szydlo, J., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Kon, D. S., Tejeda, M. M., Ramirez, E., Ruchkin, V.
The study aimed to evaluate cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for posttraumatic stress (PTS), depression, anxiety, and anger in street children by a randomized controlled trial of CBT versus a waitlist control. It was conducted in 8 residential facilities for street children in Mexico City, with assessments at baseline, posttreatment, and 3 months later. Children who reported at least moderate posttraumatic stress, and fulfilled the study requirement were enrolled in the study (N = 100, 12-18 years old, 36 boys). There were 51 children randomized to CBT and 49 to the waitlist condition. Randomization was stratified by gender. CBT consisted of 12 individual 1-hour sessions administered weekly by 2 trained, master's-level clinicians. Outcome measures included self-reports of PTS, depression, anxiety, and anger; global improvement was assessed by the independent evaluator. Compared to participants in the waitlist condition participants in CBT showed a significant reduction in all symptoms, with effects sizes of 1.73 to 1.75. At follow up there was attrition (n = 36), and no change from posttreatment scores. The study did find statistically significant improvement in symptoms in the CBT group compared to the waitlist condition; symptoms remained stable at 3 months. The study found that CBT for trauma in a sample of street children provided a reduction of a broad range of mental health symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(5) : 406-414
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Zandberg, L., Kaczkurkin, A. N., McLean, C. P., Rescorla, L., Yadin, E., Foa, E. B.
The present study evaluated secondary emotional and behavioral outcomes among adolescents who received prolonged exposure (PE-A) or client-centered therapy (CCT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were 61 adolescent girls (age: M = 15.33, SD = 1.50 years) with sexual abuse related PTSD seeking treatment at a community mental health clinic. Multilevel modeling was employed to evaluate group differences on the Youth Self-Report (YSR) over acute treatment and 12-month follow-up. Both treatment groups showed significant improvements on all YSR scales from baseline to 12-month follow-up. Adolescents who received PE-A showed significantly greater reductions than those receiving CCT on the Externalizing subscale (d = 0.70), rule-breaking behavior (d = 0.63), aggressive behavior (d = 0.62), and conduct problems (d = 0.78). No treatment differences were found on the Internalizing subscale or among other YSR problem areas. Both PE-A and CCT effectively reduced many co-occurring problems among adolescents with PTSD. Although PE-A focuses on PTSD and not on disruptive behaviors, PE-A was associated with greater sustained changes in externalizing symptoms, supporting broad effects of trauma-focused treatment on associated problem areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(6) : 507-514
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Exposure therapy, Exposure and response prevention, Other Psychological Interventions
Macdonald, G., Livingstone, N., Hanratty, J., McCartan, C., Cotmore, R., Cary, M., Glaser, D., Byford, S., Welton, N. J., Bosqui, T., Bowes, L., Audrey, S., Mezey, G., Fisher, H. L., Riches, W., Churchill, R.
Background: Child maltreatment is a substantial social problem that affects large numbers of children and young people in the UK, resulting in a range of significant short- and long-term psychosocial problems. Objectives: To synthesise evidence of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of interventions addressing the adverse consequences of child maltreatment. Study design: For effectiveness, we included any controlled study. Other study designs were considered for economic decision modelling. For acceptability, we included any study that asked participants for their views. Participants: Children and young people up to 24 years 11 months, who had experienced maltreatment before the age of 17 years 11 months. Interventions: Any psychosocial intervention provided in any setting aiming to address the consequences of maltreatment. Main outcome measures: Psychological distress [particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety, and self-harm], behaviour, social functioning, quality of life and acceptability. Methods: Young Persons and Professional Advisory Groups guided the project, which was conducted in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration and NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidance. Departures from the published protocol were recorded and explained. Meta-analyses and costeffectiveness analyses of available data were undertaken where possible. Results: We identified 198 effectiveness studies (including 62 randomised trials); six economic evaluations (five using trial data and one decision-analytic model); and 73 studies investigating treatment acceptability. Pooled data on cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for sexual abuse suggested post-treatment reductions in PTSD [standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.44 (95% CI -4.43 to -1.53)], depression [mean difference -2.83 (95% CI -4.53 to -1.13)] and anxiety [SMD -0.23 (95% CI -0.03 to -0.42)]. No differences were observed for post-treatment sexualised behaviour, externalising behaviour, behaviour management skills of parents, or parental support to the child. Findings from attachment-focused interventions suggested improvements in secure attachment [odds ratio 0.14 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.70)] and reductions in disorganised behaviour [SMD 0.23 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.42)], but no differences in avoidant attachment or externalising behaviour. Few studies addressed the role of caregivers, or the impact of the therapist-child relationship. Economic evaluations suffered methodological limitations and provided conflicting results. As a result, decision-analytic modelling was not possible, but cost-effectiveness analysis using effectiveness data from meta-analyses was undertaken for the most promising intervention: CBT for sexual abuse. Analyses of the cost-effectiveness of CBT were limited by the lack of cost data beyond the cost of CBT itself. Conclusions: It is not possible to draw firm conclusions about which interventions are effective for children with different maltreatment profiles, which are of no benefit or are harmful, and which factors encourage people to seek therapy, accept the offer of therapy and actively engage with therapy. Little is known about the cost-effectiveness of alternative interventions. Copyright © Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO 2016.
Health Technology Assessment, 20(69) :
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
, Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative Interventions (CAM)
, Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions (any)
Littleton, H., Grills, A. E., Kline, K. D., Schoemann, A. M., Dodd, J. C.
This study evaluated the efficacy of the From Survivor to Thriver program, an interactive, online therapist-facilitated cognitive-behavioral program for rape-related PTSD. Eighty-seven college women with rape-related PTSD were randomized to complete the interactive program (n = 46) or a psycho-educational self-help website (n = 41). Both programs led to large reductions in interview-assessed PTSD at post-treatment (interactive d = 2.22, psycho-educational d = 1.10), which were maintained at three month follow-up. Both also led to medium- to large-sized reductions in self-reported depressive and general anxiety symptoms. Follow-up analyses supported that the therapist-facilitated interactive program led to superior outcomes among those with higher pre-treatment PTSD whereas the psycho-educational self-help website led to superior outcomes for individuals with lower pre-treatment PTSD. Future research should examine the efficacy and effectiveness of online interventions for rape-related PTSD including whether treatment intensity matching could be utilized to maximize outcomes and therapist resource efficiency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 43 : 41-51
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions (any)
, Psychoeducation, Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Martsenkovskyi, D.
Introduction: Provision of mental health care for children with PTSD was accompanied by difficulties in engaging into the therapy of parents who were also traumatized, and often were negatively disposed to psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. Many of children were exposed to secondary trauma due to violence in the family that creates limitations for psychotherapy. Objective: To evaluate a short and long-term efficacy and tolerability of fluoxetine versus psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD in children [1]. Methods: Placebo-controlled 16-week study with a fixed dose of Fluoxetine (20-40 mg) versus Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) (16 session once a week; 60-to-90 minute sessions) [2]. Placebo group received only Brief Psychosocial Intervention once a week throughout the treatment [3]. The trial design consisted of 1-week single-blind, placebo run-in period (Placebo treatment and 5 session of Brief Psychosocial Intervention), followed by a 16-week treatment period and a 2-week taper phase. Patients that after the placebo run-in period, demonstrated a reduction of severity of symptoms on CAPS-2, CDRS-R more than on 10% were excluded from the study. We examined 476 adolescents that have been moved from the combat zone in the East of Ukraine, among them 116 of children aged from 12 to 18 years (MD = 14.2) were randomized after finishing placebo run-in period. All adolescents were assessed both by K-SADS-PL and met the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD and on possible psychiatric comorbidities. Drug efficacy was assessed weekly using the CAPS-2, CDRS-R, CGI-S/I, CGAS. Safety assessed: PAERS, C-SSRS, ECGs. Result: The reduction in CAPS-2 scales was statistically significant among children randomized both to fluoxetine and psychotherapy treatment compared with placebo in a week 16 endpoint (fluoxetine treatment difference -11.10; 95% Cl -13.4, -7.38; p<0.001; TF-CBT treatment difference -12.28; 95% Cl -14.2, -8.21; p<0.001). Significant greater proportion of fluoxetine-treated patient (51%) and TF-CBT-treated (54%) than placebo-treated (42%) were defined as treatment responders based on CGI-S/I, CAPS-2 and CDRS-R scales (adjusted odds ratio = 2.28; 95% Cl 1.75, 2.93; p <0.001). TF-CBT had a large effect on CAPS-2 domains: re-experiencing (p<0.005, eta2 = 0.541), avoidence/numbling (p<0.005 eta2 = 0.551), hyperarousal (p<0.005, eta2 = 0.515); effect on CDRS-R T-score was not significant p = 0.389, eta2 = 0.172. Fluoxetine had larger effect both on all CAPS-2 domains and CDRS-R T-score. The presence of severe depressive symptoms (T-score range CDRS-R >55) correlated with the large effect of fluoxetine therapy. Low CDRS-R T-score range <40 correlated with large effect of TF-CBT. The most common adverse effects in fluoxetine group were somnolence, headache and irritability, each occurring in <20% patients. Conclusion: No significant difference in efficacy was found between fluoxetine and trauma-focused psychotherapy. Both of therapy methods showed significant improvements versus placebo and can be recommended in pediatric practice. Adolescents with PTSD and major depressive disorder according to preliminary data can receive more benefits from combining use of TF-CBT and fluoxetine therapy.
European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26 : S728-S729
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Antidepressants (any)
, Psychological Interventions (any)
, Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT)
Maxwell, K., Callahan, J. L., Holtz, P., Janis, B. M., Gerber, M. M., Connor, D. R.
Presented herein is a comparative study of group treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, an emerging intervention, memory specificity training (MeST), was compared with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) using standardized outcome measures of target symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression from client perspective; memory specificity from independent rater perspective) and global functioning (independent rater perspective), as well as a process measure of expectancy (client perspective). Clients were assessed on 3 separate occasions: at baseline, posttreatment, and 3 months posttreat-ment. Adherence and treatment fidelity (independent rater perspective) were monitored throughout the course of both treatment conditions. Improvement in PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and global functioning were similar between MeST and CPT; an increase in ability to specify memories upon retrieval was also similar between MeST and CPT. Positive reliable change was observed in both groups on all outcome measures. With respect to the primary target of PTSD symptoms, 88% of participants in both treatment groups moved into the functional distribution by posttreatment and maintained these gains at follow-up. Notably, compared with CPT, MeST required only half the dosage (i.e., number of sessions) to accomplish these gains. Illustrative vignettes from client-therapist exchanges are provided, and results are discussed in terms of the potential mechanisms of action. Implications for both clinical practice and clinical research are also included. Copyright © 2016 American Psychological Association.
Psychotherapy, 53(4) : 433-445
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Other Psychological Interventions
Ooi, C. S., Rooney, R. M., Roberts, C., Kane, R. T., Wright, B., Chatzisarantis, N.
Background: Preventative and treatment programs for people at risk of developing psychological problems after exposure to war trauma have mushroomed in the last decade. However, there is still much contention about evidence-based and culturally sensitive interventions for children. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of the Teaching Recovery Techniques in improving the emotional and behavioral outcomes of war-affected children resettled in Australia. Methods and Findings: A cluster randomized controlled trial with pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up design was employed. A total of 82 participants (aged 10-17 years) were randomized by school into the 8-week intervention (n = 45) or the waiting list (WL) control condition (n = 37). Study outcomes included symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as psychosocial functioning. A medium intervention effect was found for depression symptoms. Participants in the intervention condition experienced a greater symptom reduction than participants in the WL control condition, F(1, 155) = 5.20, p = 0.024, partial eta2 = 0.07. This improvement was maintained at the 3-month follow-up, F(2, 122) = 7.24, p = 0.001, partial eta2 = 0.20. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential benefit of the school and group-based intervention on depression symptoms but not on other outcomes, when compared to a waiting list control group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 7 2016, ArtID 1641, 7 :
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)