Disorders - Substance Use Disorders
Bryson, R.
This research explores the potential of making social skills training more accessible to schools by the use of computer-aided instruction. An easy-to-use software program called Refusal Challenges, which targets important social skills with effective training methods, was tested. The dependent measure was demonstration of refusal skills strategies. One-hundred-eighty-eight male and female eighth-grade students were stratified according to pre-treatment refusal skill level, gender, and teacher. They were then randomly assigned from the stratified blocks to either the computer-based refusal skills training group or a control group. Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated a significant and meaningful time by treatment interaction for refusal skills scores. The difference between treatment and control groups remained significant and meaningful at both the post-test and follow-up testing.
Journal of Drug Education, 29(4) : 359-71
- Year: 1999
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Catalano, R. F., Gainey, R. R., Fleming, C. B., Haggerty, K. P., Johnson, N. O.
AIMS: Children whose parents abuse drugs are exposed to numerous factors that increase the likelihood of future drug abuse. Despite this heightened risk, few experimental tests of prevention programs with this population have been reported. This article examines whether intensive family-focused interventions with methadone treated parents can reduce parents' drug use and prevent children's initiation of drug use. DESIGN: Parents were assigned randomly into intervention and control conditions and assessed at baseline, post-test, and 6 and 12 months following the intervention. Children were assessed at baseline, and 6- and 12-month follow-up points. SETTING: Two methadone clinics in Seattle, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and forty-four methadone-treated parents, and their children (n = 178) ranging in age from 3 to 14 years old. INTERVENTION: The experimental intervention supplemented methadone treatment with 33 sessions of family training combined with 9 months of home-based case management. Families in the control condition received no supplemental services. MEASUREMENT: Parent measures included: relapse and problem-solving skills, self-report measures of family management practices, deviant peer networks, domestic conflict and drug use. Child measures included self-report measures of rules, family attachment, parental involvement, school attachment and misbehavior, negative peers, substance use and delinquency. FINDINGS: One year after the family skills training, results indicate significant positive changes among parents, especially in the areas of parent skills, parent drug use, deviant peers and family management. Few changes were noted in children's behavior or attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Programs such as this may be an important adjunct to treatment programs, helping to strengthen family bonding and to reduce parents' drug use.
Addiction, 94(2) : 241-54
- Year: 1999
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Medications used to treat substance abuse, Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training, Case management
Kaminer, Y., Burleson, J. A., Blitz, C., Sussman, J., Rounsaville, B. J.
This study tested the hypothesis that dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers could be matched to effective treatments on the basis of their comorbid psychopathology. Specifically, patients with externalizing disorders would have better outcomes when treated with cognitive-behavioral group treatment (CBT), and subjects with internalizing disorders without comorbid externalizing disorders would fare better in interactional group treatment (IT). Thirty-two dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers were randomized into two 12-week manual guided outpatient group psychotherapies: CBT and IT. At 3-month follow-up, no patient-treatment matching effects were identified. Adolescents assigned to CBT demonstrated a significant reduction in severity of substance use compared with those assigned to IT. Improvement in severity of family function showed a trend in favor of CBT. School function, peer-social relationships, legal problems, and psychiatric severity all showed a consistent nonsignificant direction in favor of CBT over IT. CBT appears to be a promising short-term psychosocial intervention for adolescents.
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 186(11) : 684-90
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
, Other Psychological Interventions
Geller, Barbara, Cooper, Thomas B., Sun, Kai, Zimermann, Betsy, Frazier, Jeanne, Williams, Marlene, Heath, Janet
Performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, random assignment, parallel group, pharmacokinetically dosed study of lithium for adolescents with bipolar disorders (BDs) and temporally secondary substance dependency disorders (SDDs). Ss were 12-18 yrs old and were comprehensively assessed during a 6-wk outpatients protocol that included random weekly urine collection for drug assays and random and weekly serum collection for lithium levels. Using both intent-to-treat (N=25) and completer (N=21) analyses, there were significant differences on continuous and categorical measures between the active and placebo groups for both psychopathology measures and weekly random urine drug assays. The mean scheduled weekly serum lithium level of active responders was 0.9 mEq/L. Addiction to both alcohol and marijuana was the most frequent category of SSD. Lithium treatment of BDs with secondary SDDs in adolescents was an efficacious treatment for both disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(2) : 171-178
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Bipolar Disorders, Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Lithium
White, D., Pitts, M.
AIMS: To assess the effectiveness of interventions directed at the prevention or reduction of use of illicit substances by young people or those directed at reducing harm caused by continuing use. DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted. Reports were identified through electronic and hand searching and contact with known workers in the area. Studies were included if they reported evaluations of interventions targeting illicit drug use and provided sufficient detail of the intervention and design of the evaluation to allow judgements to be made of their methodological soundness. Meta-analyses were conducted combining the data of the methodologically sound studies. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS TARGETED BY INTERVENTIONS: Evaluations of interventions were included if their targeted audience included young people aged between 8 and 25 years. Identified evaluations were delivered in a range of settings including: schools and colleges; community settings; the family; medical/therapeutic settings; mass media. MEASUREMENTS: Data extracted from each report included details of design, content and theoretical orientation of intervention, setting of the intervention, target audience, methods, population size, subject refusal rates, rates of attrition, outcome measures, length of follow-up and findings, including statistical power. FINDINGS: The majority of studies identified were evaluations of interventions introduced in schools and targeting alcohol, tobacco and marijuana simultaneously. These studies were methodologically stronger than interventions targeting other drugs and implemented outside schools. Meta-analyses showed that the impact of evaluated interventions was small with dissipation of programme gains over time. Interventions targeting hard to reach groups have not been evaluated adequately. CONCLUSIONS: Effort needs to be directed towards the development of improved evaluative solutions to the problems posed by these groups. There is still insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of the range of approaches to drugs education; more methodologically sound evaluations are required. There is also a need to target interventions to reflect the specific needs and experiences of recipients.
Addiction, 93(10) : 1475-87
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
Valentine, Jeanette, Griffith, John, Ruthazer, Robin, Gottlieb, Barbara, Keel, Stefano
Presents the methods and findings from the Urban Youth Connection, a substance abuse prevention program implemented in an urban public middle school and high school serving predominantly Hispanic and African American students. The program provides counseling, mentoring and academic support. A pre-test, post-test comparison group design estimated the impact of the program on ultimate outcomes of 30-day use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, and intermediate outcomes of risk behaviors, psychosocial well-being, and school involvement, as measured by self-administered questionnaires given each fall and spring from 1993-1996. A comparison group was drawn from non-participants at each school. Unadjusted outcomes at follow-up were significantly worse in the treatment group than in the comparison group. Statistical adjustment eliminated significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups at follow-up, and higher program exposure was associated with better outcomes for some measures. Adjustment for differences between treatment and comparison groups and correction for variation in program exposure within the treatment group are essential for accurate estimation of the benefits of drug prevention interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Drugs & Society, 12(1-2) : 127-145
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Other Psychological Interventions
Weiss, Faedra Lazar, Nicholson, Heather Johnston
Girls Incorporated Friendly PEERsuasion is a leadership and substance abuse prevention program based on the social influence model. Girls in grades 6-8 (aged 11-15 yrs) considered to be at high risk for substance use were recruited from 4 geographically and ethnically diverse communities, with Ss randomly assigned to Fall 1988 "treatment" and Spring 1989 "comparison" participation (delayed entry model). Outcomes of interest were avoiding any use of harmful substances and leaving situations in which peers were using harmful substances. An evaluation using survival analysis techniques included 118 girls (47 treatment, 71 comparison). A 2nd evaluation using logistic regression compared the behavior of 354 Ss (1 treatment, 202 comparison) across all 4 sites. Friendly PEERsuasion proved moderately effective, particularly for the youngest Ss. Evaluation results and subsequent research suggest that most girls experiment with substance use in their early teens and that the preteen years are thus a critical time for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Drugs & Society, 12(1-2) : 7-22
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Other Psychological Interventions
Rosenbaum, Dennis P., Hanson, Gordon S.
A randomized longitudinal field experiment was conducted to estimate the short- and long-term effects of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program (D.A.R.E.) on students' attitudes, beliefs, social skills, and drug use behaviors. 1,798 students from urban, suburban, and rural schools were followed for more than 6 yrs, with surveys administered each year from 6th through 12th grades. Teachers were also surveyed annually to measure students' cumulative exposure to supplemental (post-D.A.R.E.) drug education. Multilevel analyses (random-effects ordinal regression) were conducted on 7 waves of posttreatment data. The results indicate that D.A.R.E had no long-term effects on a wide range of drug use measures, nor did it show a lasting impact on hypothesized mediating variables, with 1 exception. Previously documented short-term effects had dissipated by the conclusion of the study. Some D.A.R.E.-by-community interactions were observed: Urban and rural students showed some benefits, whereas suburban students experienced small but significant increases in drug use after participation in D.A.R.E. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 35(4) : 381-412
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Psychoeducation, Skills training
Shope, J. T., Copeland, L. A., Kamp, M. E., Lang, S. W.
A twelfth-grade follow-up afforded the opportunity to assess the long- term effects of substance abuse prevention delivered in sixth and seventh grades. A social pressures resistance skills curriculum implemented by classroom teachers had been evaluated with short-term positive results previously reported. Students completed self-administered questionnaires at sixth grade pre- and posttests, and at seventh and twelfth-grade posttests. Curriculum group students received lessons on alcohol, tobacco (cigarettes and smokeless), marijuana, and cocaine, which were later incorporated into the Michigan Model for Comprehensive School Health Education. This evaluation used data from 262 students who completed all four questionnaires and who received the complete two-year intervention or no intervention. Repeated measures analyses of variance demonstrated that significant effects evident at seventh grade for alcohol use and misuse, as well as cigarette, cocaine, and other drug use were generally not maintained through twelfth grade. Ongoing reinforcement of effective prevention is recommended.
Journal of Drug Education, 28(3) : 185-197
- Year: 1998
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training
Snow, D. L., Tebes, J. K., Ayers, T. S.
An amenability to treatment model stipulates that interventions may be differentially effective for subgroups of individuals with similar characteristics. Using such a model, the present study tests the impact of two social-cognitive interventions implemented in the sixth (Intervention I) and eighth/ninth (Intervention II) grades on students' skill acquisition and on their ninth and tenth grade substance use. A randomized factorial design was used to examine main and interaction effects within the context of student family household status and gender. Positive program effects were found for Intervention II on skill acquisition and overall drug involvement. Interaction effects of Intervention II x Family Household Status provided support for the amenability to treatment model, but no support for the model was observed based on student gender. Possible explanations for the study findings are presented and future research directions are proposed to address why differences emerge in amenability to intervention and why such differences occur for specific subgroups.
Journal of Drug Education, 27(1) : 1-17
- Year: 1997
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training
Tobler, Nancy S., Stratton, Howard H.
Conducted a meta-analysis of 120 school-based programs (5th-12th grade) that evaluated success on self-reported drug use measures. Hypothesis tests using weighted least squares regressions were conducted of an a priori classification scheme that was based on program content and its method of delivery. Two major types of programs were identified: interactive and noninteractive. Six factors related to program effectiveness (sample size, targeted drug, type of control group, special populations, type of leader, and attrition) were included as covariates. The superiority of the interactive programs was both clinically and statistically significant to the noninteractive programs for tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and illicit drugs and for all adolescents including minority populations. The larger interactive programs were less effective, although still significantly superior to the noninteractive programs, which suggests implementation failures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(1) : 71-128
- Year: 1997
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement
Waldron, Holly B.
Provides a comprehensive review of family therapy outcome research on adolescent substance abusers, focusing on controlled, comparison studies and considering the context of the broader adolescent substance abuse literature. The author reviews the major conceptual models underlying family therapy research as well as the studies of the effectiveness and outcomes of family-based treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 19 : 199-234
- Year: 1997
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Family therapy