Disorders - Substance Use Disorders
Rosenbaum, D. P., Flewelling, R. L., Bailey, S. L., Ringwalt, C. L., Wilkinson, D. L.
Although aggressive enforcement programs have been the backbone of our national drug control policy, school-based drug education has been widely praised as the most promising strategy for achieving long-term reductions in the demand for drugs and alcohol. Employing specially trained police officers in the classroom, Project DARE has become America's most popular and prevalent drug education program. Despite this status, the effectiveness of the program has yet to be demonstrated. A longitudinal randomized experiment was conducted with 1,584 students to estimate the effects of DARE on their attitudes, beliefs, and drug use behaviors in the year following exposure to the program. DARE had no statistically significant main effects on drug use behaviors and had few effects on attitudes or beliefs about drugs. However, significant interactions between DARE and other factors (e.g., metropolitan status) suggest that some program effects varied across subgroups of the target population. This research provides a test of the comprehensive model of school-based prevention and helps to identify possible differential effects of this drug education initiative.
Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 31(1) : 3-31
- Year: 1994
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Psychoeducation, Skills training
Ellickson, P. L., Bell, R. M., McGuigan, K.
OBJECTIVES. Although several studies have reported short-term gains for drug-use prevention programs targeted at young adolescents, few have assessed the long-term effects of such programs. Such information is essential for judging how long prevention benefits last. This paper reports results over a 6-year period for a multisite randomized trial that achieved reductions in drug use during the junior high school years. METHODS. The 11-lesson curriculum, which was tested in 30 schools in eight highly diverse West Coast communities, focused on helping 7th and 8th grade students develop the motivation and skills to resist drugs. Schools were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. About 4000 students were assessed in grade 7 and six times thereafter through grade 12. Program effects were adjusted for pretest covariates and school effects. RESULTS. Once the lessons stopped, the program's effects on drug use stopped. Effects on cognitive risk factors persisted for a longer time (many through grade 10), but were not sufficient to produce corresponding reductions in use. CONCLUSIONS. It is unlikely that early prevention gains can be maintained without additional prevention efforts during high school. Future research is needed to develop and test such efforts.
American Journal of Public Health, 83(6) : 856-61
- Year: 1993
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training
Bell, Robert M., Ellickson, Phyllis L., Harrison, Ellen R.
Reports follow-up results during Grade 9 for a multisite drug prevention program that curbed both marijuana and cigarette use during junior high. 30 schools were randomly assigned to 3 conditions, 2 treatment groups and 1 control. Students were pretested in Grade 7 and posttested 24 mo later. Earlier effects on cognitive risk factors (perceived consequences of drug use, normative beliefs, resistance self-efficacy, and expectations of future use) persisted through Grade 9 in the schools in which teen leaders helped adults in teaching the program. In the condition under which adults taught the lessons without teens, the prior beneficial effects largely eroded. All of the earlier effects on actual use disappeared by Grade 9, regardless of who taught the lessons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Preventive Medicine, 22(4) : 463-483
- Year: 1993
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training
Kim, S., McLeod, J. H., Shantzis, C.
This study reports outcome evaluation results from a segment of one of the most widely used drug education/prevention programs entitled "Here's Looking At You 2000." HLAY 2000 was offered to the seventh and eighth grade students (n = 463) by regular classroom teachers of Yadkin County Schools located in one of the rural areas in North Carolina. Six schools served as the experimental group while two randomly selected schools served as a control group. The program was implemented during the 1990-91 school year.
Journal of Drug Education, 23(1) : 67-81
- Year: 1993
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Psychoeducation, Skills training
Geller, Barbara, Cooper, Thomas B., Watts, Hazel E., Cosby, Carolyn M., et-al
Early findings are reported from a National Institute on Drug Abuse funded study of lithium for 8 12-18 yr old adolescents dually diagnosed with bipolar and substance dependency disorders. Lithium was more effective than placebo for alleviating both the substance dependency and the mood disordered symptomatology. The characteristics of the Ss have been chronicity of both disorders, impairment in the severe range in multiple areas of functioning, and strong family histories for both affective and substance use disorders. The substance dependency was to both alcohol and marijuana; all Ss also had marked polydrug abuse. In order to best monitor lithium compliance and drug/alcohol use during protocol, randomly timed weekly serum and urine assays were obtained. Implications for the outcome of this acute phase study and for the development of longitudinal treatment strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 16(3) : 281-299
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
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Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions (any)
, Lithium
Friedman, Alfred S., Utada, Arlene T.
An early intervention program was conducted in which clients were assigned to 1 of 2 intervention plans: (1) an adaptation of the Botvin life skills training (LST) model and (2) a program combining an anti-violence (AV) model and a values clarification (VC) model. 84 student participants identified as substance users participated in the demonstration and in evaluation procedures to determine program effectiveness. 62 Ss completed the program and were evaluated at postintervention. Intervention effects were determined for the total sample in addition to between-group comparative analyses. Several improvements in behavior and attitudes were significant for the entire sample. Individually, the combined AV-VC intervention fared better than the LST program, accounting for all significant results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Community Psychology, : 106-117
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions
Tobler, N. S.
This paper reports findings of a subset of 91 programs, which included drug use measures, from the data base previously reported in the author's meta-analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs. Treatment components of strategies successful in decreasing drug use by adolescents are discussed with regard to both the developmental stages of adolescents and the current etiology of drug abuse. Meta-analysis is briefly discussed. The focus is on issues rather than the actual research. Questions for future programming address theoretical assumptions and practical issues. Is attitude change a prerequisite for decreased drug use? This meta-analysis questions the validity of using knowledge and attitude measures as the only outcome measures. Successful program strategies require innovative planning and close attention to implementation factors. Answers to implementation questions require continued quality research. Implications for future planning may lie in the public policy arena.
Journal of Addictive Diseases, 11(3) : 1-28
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
Ringwalt, C., Ennett, S. T., Holt, K. D.
This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the effects of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Project, a school-based drug use prevention program, in a sample of fifth and sixth graders in North Carolina. DARE is distinguished by its use of specially trained, uniformed police officers to deliver 17 weekly lessons in the classroom. The evaluation used an experimental design employing random assignment of 20 schools to either a DARE or no-DARE condition, pre- and post-testing of both groups, attrition assessment, adjustments for school effects, and control for non-equivalency between comparison groups. DARE demonstrated no effect on adolescents' use of alcohol, cigarettes or inhalants, or on their future intentions to use these substances. However, DARE did make a positive impact on adolescents' awareness of the costs of using alcohol and cigarettes, perceptions of the media's portrayal of these substances, general and specific attitudes towards drugs, perceived peer attitudes toward drug use, and assertiveness.
Health Education Research, 6(3) : 327-337
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Psychoeducation, Skills training
Werch, C. E., Young, M., Clark, M., Garrett, C., Hooks, S., Kersten, C.
Five hundred and eleven fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students and their parents from six schools in northwest Arkansas participated in this study. Students were blocked on school and grade level, then assigned randomly by class to either the intervention Keep A Clear Mind (KACM) program or a waiting list control. KACM students received four weekly correspondence lessons designed to be completed at home with a parent. KACM students reported significantly less perceived peer use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, as well as significantly less peer pressure susceptibility to experiment with cigarettes. Mothers in the KACM program reported significantly more recent and frequent communication with their children about refusing drugs, and significantly greater discussions with their children regarding how to resist peer pressure to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Intervention program fathers reported significantly more communication with their children concerning how to resist peer pressure to drink alcohol and use tobacco, and significantly greater motivation to help their children avoid drug use. No significant differences were found between groups on student intentions to use drugs. These data suggest a print medium that emphasizes parent-child activities holds promise for accessing families and enhancing drug prevention communication.
Journal of School Health, 61(8) : 346-50
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training
Henggeler, Scott W., Borduin, Charles M., Melton, Gary B., Mann, Barton J., et-al
Reports on reductions in substance use and abuse, from 2 independent evaluations of the efficacy of multisystemic therapy (MST) in treating the antisocial behavior of serious juvenile offenders. In the Missouri delinquency project, 200 juvenile offenders (mean age 14.4 yrs) were assigned randomly either to MST or individual counseling conditions. Analyses of arrest data, which were collected for an average of 4 yrs posttreatment indicated that Ss who participated in MST had a significantly lower rate of substance-related arrests than did Ss who participated in individual counseling. In the Family and Neighborhood Services project, conducted in South Carolina, 47 serious juvenile offenders (mean age 15.1 yrs) were assigned randomly either to MST or usual juvenile justice services. Ss in the MST condition reported a significant reduction in soft drug use relative to Ss who received usual services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Family Dynamics of Addiction Quarterly, 1(3) : 40-51
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Multisystemic therapy
Johnson, C., Pentz, Mary Ann, Weber, Mark D., Dwyer, James H., Baer, Neal, MacKinnon, David P., Hansen, William B., et-al
This article reviews major risk factors for cigarette smoking, alcohol, and other drug abuse and promising community-based approaches to primary prevention. In a longitudinal experimental study, 8 representative Kansas City communities were assigned randomly to program (school, parent, mass media, and community organization) and control (mass media and community organization only) conditions. Programs were delivered at either 6th or 7th grade, and panels were followed through Grade 9 or 10. The primary findings were (a) significant reductions at 3 years in tobacco and marijuana use and (b) equivalent reductions for youth at different levels of risk. This study provides evidence that a comprehensive community program-based approach can prevent the onset of substance abuse and that the benefits are experienced equally by youth at high and low risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 58(4) : 447-456
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
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Stage: Universal prevention
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Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Psychoeducation, Skills training
Jones, R. T., McDonald, D. W., Fiore, M. F., Arrington, T., Randall, J.
The effectiveness of a short-term prevention program to increase drug refusal behavior in a school-age population was assessed. Forty-two third-grade children were randomly assigned to one of three groups: rehearsal-plus, traditional, or attention control. Children in the rehearsal-plus group were taught specific drug refusal techniques and appropriate social skills, and were provided a rationale for each response. This procedure included behavioral training and elaborative rehearsal. Training occurred in four socially validated situations corresponding to settings where children were likely to be offered drugs. The traditional procedure consisted of instructions derived from a "Just Say No" drug program. Assessment focused on specific refusal behaviors, procedural knowledge, and self-efficacy. Significant gains in desired functioning and appropriate behavioral and social skills were found. The effectiveness of the rehearsal-plus procedure as a method of increasing adaptive responding in dangerous and/or anxiety-arousing situations is discussed.
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15(2) : 211-23
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions (any)
, Skills training